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                    [0] => Guilds and Unions of the New Hispanic Architects@en
                    [1] => Gremios y cofradías de los arquitectos novohispanos@es
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                    [0] => Guilds were corporations of artisan workers made up by masters, officials and apprentices of the same profession or craft, ruled by special laws or statutes. Unions were natural extensions of guilds, and they moved "under the shadow of the Church". Guilds were ruled by laws, while unions had their own constitutions, usually taken from the Spanish ones. According to the knowledge and technical capacities of those in the guild, the New Hispanic architects, as well as in other professions, started out by being apprentices, then became officials, and lastly turned to be masters. Apprentices carried out the hardest work within the workshops. After presenting a theoretic and practical exam, apprentices could aspire after the category of officials, whom in turn had to undergo another exam, much harder and extensive, to acquire the category of masters.     Â@en
                    [1] => Los gremios eran corporaciones de trabajadores artesanales formadas por los maestros, oficiales y aprendices de una misma profesión u oficio, regidas por ordenanzas o estatutos especiales. Las cofradías eran extensiones naturales de los gremios, y se movían "a la sombra de la Iglesia". Los gremios se regían por ordenanzas, mientras que las cofradías tenían sus constituciones, generalmente tomadas de las de España. De acuerdo con sus conocimientos y capacidad técnica de sus agremiados, los arquitectos novohispanos, al igual que en otras profesiones, comenzaban por ser aprendices, después se convertían en oficiales, y por último en maestros. Los aprendices realizaban el trabajo más pesado dentro de los talleres. Después de presentar un examen teórico-práctico, los aprendices podrían aspirar a la categoría de oficiales, quienes a su vez tenían que someterse a otro examen, mucho más difícil y extenso, para adquirir la categoría de maestros.@es
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                    [0] => Luis Ortiz Macedo
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            [source] => stdClass Object
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                    [vol] => vii
                    [nr] => nueva
                    [year] =>  2002
                    [theme] => 
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                    [0] => 2013-08-23
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                    [0] => es
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